|
|
| Sulfur | |
| Electron Configuration | 2,8,6 |
| Electron Configuration | [Ne] 3s2 3p4 |
| Ground state | 3P2 |
| Atomic Volume | 15.5 g/cm3 |
| Electronegativity | 2.58 |
| Magnetic ordering | No data |
| Mass magnetic susceptibility | -6.2 x 10-9 |
| Molar magnetic susceptibility | -1.99 x 10-10 |
 Thermal Properties |
|
| Enthalpy of Atomization | 278.7 kJ mol-1 @25°C |
| Enthalpy of Fusion | 1.23 kJ mol-1 |
| Enthalpy of Vaporisation | 9.62 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat Capacity | 22.75 J mol-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Conductivity | (amorphous) 0.205 W m-1 K-1 |
| Thermal Expansion | No data. |
| Hardness |
|
| Mohs hardness | 2.0 |
| Elastic Properties |
|
| Bulk modulus | 7.7 GPa |
| Electrical Properties |
|
| Electrical resistivity | 2 x 1015 Ω m |
| Electrical conductivity | No data. |
| Chemical Properties |
|
| Electrochemical Equivalent | 0.299 g Ah-1 |
| Valence Electron Potential (-eV) | 160 |
| Ionization Potential | |
 First
|
10.36 |
| Second
|
23.33 |
| Third
|
34.83 |
| Optical Properties |
|
| Refractive Index (gas) | 1.001111 |
| Energy Levels |
|
| Kα1 (intensity 100) |
2.30784 KeV |
| Kα2 (intensity 0) |
2.30664 KeV |
| Kβ1 (intensity 6.5) |
2.46404 KeV |
| Lα1 (intensity 100) |
0.1486 KeV |
| Lγ3 (intensity 0) |
0.149 KeV |
| Ll (intensity 100) |
0.1486 KeV |
| Atomic Radii |
|
| Empirical
|
100 pm |
| Bohr Radius
|
88 pm |
| Covalent Radius
|
102 pm |
| Van der Waals
|
180 pm |
| Triple covalent
|
95 pm |
| Metallic
|
No data. |
| Ionic Radii (Å) |
||||
| Charge | Coordination | Crystal | Ionic | Key |
| -1 | VI | 1.7 | 1.84 | P |
| 4 | VI | 0.51 | 0.37 | A |
| 6 | IV | 0.26 | 0.12 | * |
| VI | 0.43 | 0.29 | C | |
| R, From r3 vs V plots. |
| C, Calculated from bond length - bond strength equations. |
| E, Estimated. |
| *, Most Reliable. |
| M, From Metallic Oxides. |
| A, Ahrens (1952) Ionic radius. |
| P, Pauling's (1960) Crystal Radius. |
| Oxidation States |
|
| Main
|
S-2, S0, S+6 |
| Other
|
S-1, S+1, S+2, S+3, S+4, S+5 |
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)  |
|
| M - M+ |
999.6 |
| M+ - M2+ |
2251 |
| M2+ - M3+ |
3361 |
| M3+ - M4+ |
4564 |
| M4+ - M5+ |
7013 |
| M5+ - M6+ |
8495 |
| M6+ - M7+ |
27106 |
| M7+ - M8+ |
31669 |
| M8+ - M9+ |
36578 |
| M9+ - M10+ |
43138 |
| Covalent Bonds (kJ mol-1) |
|
| S-H
|
347 |
| S-C
|
272 |
| S=C
|
476 |
| S-O
|
265 |
| S=O
|
525 |
| S-F
|
328 |
| S-Cl
|
255 |
| S-S
|
226 |
| Vapour Pressure |
||||||
| P (Pa) | 1 | 10 | 100 | 1K | 10K | 100K |
| T (K) | 375 | 408 | 449 | 508 | 591 | 717 |
| Crystal Structure |
|
| Structure
|
Orthorhombic |
 |
a = 1043.7 pm |
| b = 1284.5 pm | |
| c = 2436.9 pm | |
| α = 90° | |
| β = 90° | |
| γ = 90° | |